Can Farming Be The Salvation That Civilization - 1743 Words

Can Farming Be the Salvation That Civilization Is Looking For Farming has been around as far back as anyone can remember. Civilization began with farming. About 10,000 years ago, we began to domesticate plants and animals as a way to make our food supply more accessible and predictable. In many ways, the beginning of farming can be defined as the moment we stopped chasing our food and started growing it. As humans advanced the way they farmed, agriculture has reshaped human civilization. For the most part, these changes have been good ones. But as we enter a new era of human history, agriculture faces new challenges and new responsibilities. It seems that in today’s world, many in the urban areas have forgotten this fundamental connection†¦show more content†¦Each year the farmer would sow two of the fields with crops while one was left unused. This allowed the third field time to rest and recover. Farmers soon came to realized that this type of crop rotation helped t o improve soil fertility and helped control insects and diseases. In the 17th century farmers near water transportation grew cash crops for trade. While farmers inland emphasized subsistence farming. Farming changed very little from early times until about 1700. In the 1700 s an agriculture revolution took place which led to a large increase in the production of crops. Improvements in technology made it easier to farm more land with fewer people. Such improvements included horse drawn plows that could plow three rows at a time versus a single row. In the 18th century northern farmers produced a variety of crops and livestock. Southern plantation agriculture concentrated on export crops. During this time period oxen and horses were used for power, cultivating was done by hoe, and hay and grain were cut with scythes and sickles. Perhaps one of the most important innovations in agriculture came in 1701 when an Englishman named Jethro Tull invented the world’s first seed drill. A seed drill was a sowing device that allowed seeds to be planted quickly in neat, straight rows at specific depths. Before this invention farmers planted the seeds by carrying them in a bag and walking up and down the field

The Impact of European Diseases in the New World Essay

The Impact of European Diseases in the New World If science has taught us anything, it is that one event invariably effects countless others. This is no more evident than when a species is introduced into a new environment. Once a foreign species finds itself in new surroundings, it can either die or adapt. Often, these introduced species take over the environment, irrevocably changing it to fit their needs. This usually leads to a serious deteriorating in the well being of species currently existing there. Such is the case as when the Europeans introduced themselves to the New World. The new arrivals not only brought themselves, their technologies, and ways of life, but, most disastrously, their diseases arrived as well. When†¦show more content†¦Killing its host is counter-productive for diseases-when the host dies, it dies. (Cowley, 54) Regardless of the infections intentions however, host death can often be the result. And death is something that ran rampant through the native population. The Indians were not able to combat these new afflictions because they were new to their systems. Small pox, whooping cough, chicken pox, scarlet fever, influenza and many more had long been around in Europe and the colonists had developed resistance to most of them. (Crosby, 198) When a disease has existed in a community for years, the members of said community develop a natural, inherited defense after some generations. After initial entrance, the disease runs through the population and the more susceptible individuals acquire the disease and die from it. Those individuals hardy enough to survive then dominate the gene pool and the disease become less fatal to the remaining population. (Meltzer, 39) Eventually, the diseases are always around in some variety, but there is a low incidence of infection†¦with the only susceptible individuals are those entering by birth, which is way diseases like measles and chick pox effect mostly the young, or from outside. These individuals show higher rates of infection and death than those already living there amongst the diseases do. (Linton, 131,141) This is precisely what occurred to the natives of the NewShow MoreRelatedThe Columbian Exchange : A World Drift That Carried The Old And New World907 Words   |  4 PagesMany years ago, there was a world drift that carried the Old and New Worlds apart, which made a split between the North and South. The separation lasted so long it caused the development of rattlesnakes on one side of the Atlantic and vipers on the other. After 1492, human voyagers had their artificial establishment of connections through the Old and New World plants, animals, and bacteria, which was known as the Columbian Exchange. The exchange is the ecological events of the past millennium.TheRead MoreThe Cultural Impacts Of The Columbian Exchange775 Words   |  4 Pagesand diseases, beginning with Christopher Columbus’s voyages and discovery of the New World in 1492. (Give Me Liberty!) This interpretation, however, does not give this event the acknowledgement it deserves, as the effects of this complex transaction made a significant impact of the modern history of the world. It completely shaped the world humans live in today, from the languages they speak, to the nations they live in, to the food they eat. (shmoop.com) The ideas, people, goods, and diseases spreadRead MoreEffect Of Fishing On The New Foundland Area865 Words   |  4 Pagesto the effects of over fishing in the New Foundland area. One could argue that limiting affects of fishing created a healthy way avoid reaching carrying capacities of multiple populations within the vicinity. This could be one point of view however na ture is in equilibrium when at its natural population, and the fishing practices of European Nations forced the fish populations to dangerously below ecological equilibrium (Richter 2001). Notably the Europeans did not share the same sense of environmentalRead MoreEffects Of The Columbian Exchange1121 Words   |  5 Pagesand food between the Old World and the New World. But the Columbian Exchange also included the transfer of diseases between Europe and the Americas.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Old World diseases were transferred European sailors to Native Americans. The diseases played at least as big of role in defeating the Native Americans as advanced weaponry did (Craig). In the first 20 years after the first encounter, wherever the Europeans went, large numbers of Native Americans died. The most deadly disease was smallpox, killingRead MoreThe Impact Of The Columbian Exchange On The New World1051 Words   |  5 PagesAfter the discovery of the New World, a new era opened that would come to be known as the Columbian Exchange. With the transfer of plants, animals, culture, diseases, and ideas between Europe and the Americas, good came from the Columbian Exchange which became a possibility after Christopher Columbus set sail in 1492, giving him full credit for this duration. The plants associated with the Columbian Exchange affected the Old and New Worlds by providing success in agriculture as well as technologicalRead MoreEssay on The Columbian Exchange1075 Words   |  5 Pagesand western hemispheres as knows as the Old World and New World. The Colombian exchange greatly affects almost every society. It prompted both voluntary and forced migration of millions of human beings. There are both positive and negative effects that you can see from the Colombian Exchange. The Colombian Exchange explorers created contact between Europe and the Americas. The interaction with Native Americans began the exchange of animals, plants, disease, and weapons. The most significant effectsRead MorePositive Effects Of The Columbian Exchange703 Words   |  3 Pagesmade his journey to the New World in 1492, the Europeans brought a different culture to the people of the New World and took many new ideas back to the Old one, this was the time period known as the Columbi an Exchange. Most of what the Europeans took from the Exchange was good, but some of what they brought was devastating to the people in the New World. Although, this time period was very brutal for the Native Americans, the Columbian Exchange resulted in the transmitting of new technologies, an increaseRead MoreEssay on Positive and Negative Effects of the Columbian Exchange788 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough Columbuss revelation of the New World to the Old World caused deadly diseases to both hemispheres, a loss of preservation of native American culture in the New World, and the unhealthy effect of tobacco in the Old World, it made an overall positive impact in lasting terms by the introduction of religion and horses and cattle in the New World and the new agriculture advancements and alpacas. The Eastern-Western hemisphere encounter was obviously positive in the Western hemisphere becauseRead MoreImpact Of Imperialism On The Middle East, Africa, And Asia1287 Words   |  6 Page sextending a country s power and influence through diplomacy or military force. Countries during the Industrial Revolution wanted to imperialize due to social, political, and economic reasons. As early as the mid 1800’s, the European countries craved the idea of power and conquering new lands in order to obtain resources/raw materials. They took over Africa, the Ottoman Empire, India, and Southeast Asia due to this as well as for their convenient location. They believed that the more land one owns, theRead MoreThe Long Lasting Effects Of The Colonization Of The Americas1181 Words   |  5 Pagesmake an impact through setting colonies in the Americas during the 1500-1700s. The duration in which Europeans explored their outside world is referred to as the Age of Exploration. Despite the dangers, such as storms, no GPS, being lost, and diseases like scurvy, the motivation behind this era could be stated in three simple words: gold, glory, and God. The long lasting effects of th e fifteenth and seventh century include contentious disputes, essentially, who truly discovered the New World, was Spain

Inequality and Education Free Essays

Inequality and Education Brenda A Mota Adams City High School Inequality and Education has been such a big problem for many Americans around the United States. Many have written about and talked about the situation, but nobody has come up with a solution for it. There has been a shrinking of inequality between racial groups from 1970-1988, but since then the gap has grown again. We will write a custom essay sample on Inequality and Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now Too many of American’s disadvantaged children grow up without the skills needed to thrive in the twenty-first century. Educational inequality is due to social and family background. Inequality and Education has become one of the most important political and social issues in the United States. During the last three decades the gap between the educational attainments of children raised in rich and poor families has widened dramatically. Also according to the most recent census report, about one-quarter of children under the age of 6 live in poverty. With Inequality and Education, many problems follow it. The situation is a puzzle† no one has the slightest idea what will work†. (Sabrina Taverns, 2012, paragraph 21). Their seems to be no solution to help fix this. It we may take a while to fix this problem but if we all come together we can probably all come up with a great solution that can work. According to Laura D’ Andrea Tyson, â€Å"’A mind is a terrible thing to waste†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. (2012, paragraph 21). So we should all be able to appreciate and be given an opportunity. Now there’s not that many solution to this problem. According to Sabrina Taverns,†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ the pattern of privileged families today in intensive cultivation†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. 2012, paragraph 12). One solution could be to get more poor and middle class people into education. Education can be a solution to inequality. More education would also benefit those in more in need. Professor Reardon says that â€Å"with income declines more severe in the lower brackets there’s a good chance the recession may widened the gap†. (Sabrina Taverns, 2012, paragraph 7). The American value is that ea ch individual should have the opportunity to realize his or her potential. So if we gave more children the opportunity to get some education it would benefit us all because this inequality in education problem would get a solution. All in all, Income inequality and education may take a while to fix but by getting more children their education and finding their potential that can help a little. Everyone has potential to become someone in life and get education it doesn’t matter what race or age you are. It shouldn’t even matter your family income. How to cite Inequality and Education, Essay examples

Developmental Challenges in ASD Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Developmental Challenges in ASD. Answer: Introduction to the research The current research focuses on the aspect of learning developmental challenges of preschooler children affected with autism spectrum disorder in Australia. The literature review had been conducted over here with respect to understanding the mental dilemmas of the parents of the children affected with ASD. It results in huge mental burden and additional level of stress in the parents of the children affected with such disorder (Ly Goldberg, 2014). Here, support have been taken from a number of secondary literature sources and journals to provide an effective picture of the scenario of children affected with ASD and the role played by their caregivers and the parents in helping them cope with learning difficulties. Reports and evidences have suggested a direct link to be present within parental fatigue and developmental disorder in children (Mandy et al., 2018). In majority of the cases the parents of the children affected with ASD have been seen to develop higher propensities for th e development of anxiety disorders and depression (Christensen et al., 2016). The article further focuses upon finding out the relation between the mechanisms of pathway, which can contribute towards the development of parental stress. The parenting stress could be further divided into behaviour, cognitive and affective components (Mendelson, Gates Lerner, 2016). Further study and report have shown that autism spectrum in children have seen to affect the quality of life of the parents. However, there is lack of studies which clearly defines the psychological and demographic factors, which affects the quality of life of the parents of children affected with ASD (Young-Pearse Morrow, 2016). The current study has been designed with an aim to find out the research gap and find out coping strategies for dealing with the learning difficulties and associated anxiety in children with ASD. Autism spectrum disorder is a wide area and has been seen to cause significant developmental delay within the children. As commented by Klin, Klaiman Jones (2015), children with ASD do not develop sufficient understanding of time, space and objects and relate less intelligently with the environmental stimulus. They are more dependent upon their parents and caregivers and associated their custody with safety. This often becomes challenging for the parents to cope up with huge demand levied upon them by the children. As supported by Wood et al. (2015), children with ASD may struggle with maintaining an effective emotional control and depict higher levels of frustration. Hence, the literature review undertaken over here helps in developing a clear understanding of the different parameters which regulates the social life as well as the behavioural aspects of parents of children affected with ASD. The research aims have been discussed in points as below: To critically evaluate the learning developmental patterns of preschoolers affected with ASD To critically analyse the effects of ASD on the learning of the preschoolers To critically evaluate the effects of the learning difficulties of preschoolers with ASD on the mental health of their parents Methodology of the research The methodology of the research is crucial in determining the success of the research project. In the current research a secondary research design has been adopted where sufficient number of evidence based journals has been gathered from secondary databases such as EBSCOhost and Google scholar. These articles have been further reviewed for doing the literature analysis. A number of keywords have been used of dining out the right articles which have been further used for conducting of the review. For finding out the correct and authentic articles a number of inclusion and exclusion criteria had been applied by the researcher. Some of which are languages, year of publication, article type whether peer reviewed journal or simple random articles be taken for the study. Additionally, some of the Boolean phrases have been used over here such as AND, OR for finding the correct article sources. On the other hand the articles printed in language other than English have been avoided and not considered for the literature review. The articles which are older than the last 18 years have not been considered for the review. The articles were collected using secondary databases using the keywords generated. The hits generated otherwise with irrelevant keywords were avoided. The researcher ensured that the out of the many articles generated a proportionate amount of articles which were peer reviewed were taken into consideration. As mentioned by Szatmari et al. (2016), the comprehensively summarised article helped the researcher in developing a clear conception regarding the topic area of interest. The research was appraised using narrative review where the researcher has used evidence based information cited in different secondary articles and journals. This helped the researcher in comparing highly evidenced data, which helped in removing the different research biases. The researcher had further studied the articles in detail based upon which he had divided the articles into similar dissimilar themes. These were used by the researcher for conducting of a thematic analysis. The results from the thematic analysis had been further used by the researcher for arriving at statistically significant results. Some of these were represented in the form of graphs and charts which were further used to focus upon the research problem and designing of effective solutions for coping up with the learning difficulties in children. Critical summary of the literature For conducting the literature review a number of secondary journals and databases have been taken into consideration. The articles have been searched using different keywords and inclusion exclusion criteria. The articles which did not fall into any of the search history or criteria where excluded. This helped in analysing the research topic in depth, as huge amount of superfluous information can affect the interpretation of data and quality of results generated. The articles were selected with a view of providing equal weight to each and every parameter such as the rate of developmental disorder or delay present in the children, the role of the caregivers and the mental dilemmas of the parents of the children affected with ASD. In the review sufficient importance has been given to the various socio demographic factors which affect the quality of the research. Article Aim Methodology Findings Seymour, M., Wood, C., Giallo, R., Jellett, R. (2013). Fatigue, stress and coping in mothers of children with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(7), 1547-1554. To identify the effect of emotional distress in children over maternal health. The present scenario a cross sectional study was undertaken where the participants (mothers of the children affected with ASD) were selected by chance alone and their responses compared through pen and paper mode analysis. However, the literature source had a number of limitations such as small sample size, over representation of some sample population within the study. The study followed a cross sectional research design hence it was not possible to effectively draw a link between the different research variables Article Aim Methodology Findings Critical evaluation Hardin, B. J., Mereoiu, M., Hung, H. F., Roach-Scott, M. (2009). Investigating parent and professional perspectives concerning special education services for preschool Latino children. Early Childhood Education Journal, 37(2), 93-102. the purpose of the study was to identify effective practices that differentiate between cultural differences and learning differences, identification of the gaps in the current special education services, make recommendations to reduce the disproportionate representation of young ELL children based on data Data for the study was gathered though six focus groups in two different geographical locations. The focus group for the interview consisted of 15 administrators, 11 teacher and 5 parents The study further revealed that although experts are taking the intuitive to meet the various requirements of the children with Learning disorder and ASD. There are a number of challenges in the form of lack of clarity regarding the methods and approaches which should be adopted for teaching the children the open ended questionnaire helped the researcher analyse and identify the faith and beliefs of the parents and the educators the small sample size of the focus group limited the findings of the study Article Aim Methodology Findings Critical evaluation Siller, M., Sigman, M. (2002). The behaviors of parents of children with autism predict the subsequent development of their children's communication. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 32(2), 77-89. To examine and implement a variety of tools and programs that parents can implement to support the learning and development of their children affected with ASD Families of children with ASD were screened via phone and the ones who met the inclusion criteria were e called for clinical assessment. A six months intervention program combining two evidence based approaches were undertaken such as JASPER and EMT, which are social media communication intervention which is aimed at improving joint engagement, early social communication in children suffering from developmental delay. on analysis of the research it was found that parents who had shown better inclusion within the intervention methods were more successful in engaging their children in interactions The lack of stability in childrens engagement and large amount of time spent on unengaged objects crates a difficult situation for the social partner to navigate Article Aim Methodology Findings Critical evaluation Knight, S. (2016). Forest School: A Model for Learning Holistically and Outdoors. In The Palgrave International Handbook of Alternative Education (pp. 289-304). Palgrave Macmillan, London. The aim of the study was to find out the perspectives of young children with ASD , their parents and educational professionals about their forest school experience A thematic analysis of the data had been conducted by the researcher Some of the common themes which emerged from the interview process were taken to be learning outcomes. Additionally, the benefits of engaging in challenge and risk taking were highlighted there was lack of creative and flexible methodologies and small size sample limited the findings of the research Article Aim Methodology Findings Critical evaluation Ahmad, M. M., Dardas, L. A. (2015). The hidden patients: Fathers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 40(4), 368-375. The research aimed to find out necessary understanding of the characteristics of fathers of children with ASD and the condition of the children affect the quality of their daily lives cross-sectional data collected form 101 such fathers though self administered questionnaires were utilised It was found that family income, age of the child, dysfunctional child parents interaction contributed less significantly in affecting the mental health of the father of the children with ASD. However, there were other factors which affected the mental health of the father of a child with ASD significantly The research undertaken could contribute effectively in the designing of effective policies which would acts as effective supportive programs for fathers who had children affected with ASD. Article Aim Methodology Findings Shire, S. Y., Goods, K., Shih, W., Distefano, C., Kaiser, A., Wright, C., ... Kasari, C. (2015). Parents adoption of social communication intervention strategies: Families including children with autism spectrum disorder who are minimally verbal. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 45(6), 1712-1724. The research study was undertaken over here to find out the extent to which the extent of communication of the caregivers of children with ASD can affect their language and speech development Children with autism were recruited as participants from local special education programs. ANNOVA was conducted of the mental age and the demographics of the children affected with developmental delay from the analysis, it was found that children with autism spent the same duration playing with toys as children with normal cognitive abilities did Article Aim Methodology Findings Donato, C., Shane, H. C., Hemsley, B. (2014). Exploring the feasibility of the Visual Language in Autism program for children in an early intervention group setting: Views of parents, educators, and health professionals. Developmental neurorehabilitation, 17(2), 115-124. To understand the view of key stakeholders on using visual support for children with developmental disabilities in early intervention groups interview was conducted using three focus groups parents, educators and health professionals lack of time, limited services and negative attitude in society were found were stated as common barriers to using visual supports (Van Hees, Moyson, Roeyers, 2015) Discussion Research and evidences have linked high levels of mental stress with the mothers of the children affected with ASD. The literature review analyses the learning difficulties faced by the parents of preschoolers affected with ASD. This could be further explained with the help of a number of theories and models. The transactional model of child behavioural problems has been used by the researcher in order to evaluate the levels of parental stress. In this respect, four such coping strategies have been seen to be used by parents of children affected with ASD which are 1. Active avoidance coping based on substance abuse, venting of emotions and self blame 2. Problem focused coping, which is based upon taking action to address the problem and seek instrumental support, 3. Positive coping which is guided by an acceptance of the present situation and working towards bringing about positive changes, 4. Religious denial, where it is assumed that the problem situation does not exist at all. As commented by Majoko (2016), stress is a process which involves interaction and adjustment between the person and their respective environment. Further investigations have supported that there exist a direct link between learning difficulties in children and development of fatigue, which leads to adopting maladaptive coping strategies in parents (Durkin et al., 2015). The parents of a child affected with ASD are often sceptical about the future of their children in terms of career growth and lifelong security. As commented by Mandy et al. (2018), lack of sufficient infrastructure and dearth of special education schools further makes it difficult for the parents to provide their child with the relevant standards of primary school education. Additionally, the children affected with ASD are more dependent on their parents or caregivers for emotional support. Therefore, detaching them from their comfort zone and projecting them to the strict learning environment of a school can make the m depict aggressive behaviour. The aggressive behaviour depicted by the children affected with ASD often makes impairing education to them difficult by parents alone. Hence they often look from help from an autism support care. Form the discussion around the literature it could be stated that a number of societal factors such as lack of awareness , lack of participation from a number of multi-level health care channels have affected the quality of the care services delivered in ASD. In this respect, support and cooperation from a number of state and federal government agencies are required to help the parents cope up with the excessive demand put upon them by their children affected with ASD (Allen, Vatland, Bowen Burke, 2015). Limitations of the research A number of limitations were faced by the researcher over here such as limited data availability, time constraints etc. Additionally, the changes of measurement standards over time make historical comparisons difficult. The older documents are not representative of the wider population. References Ahmad, M. M., Dardas, L. A. (2015). The hidden patients: Fathers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 40(4), 368-375. Retrieved from : https://doi.org/10.3109/13668250.2015.1064879 Allen, K. D., Vatland, C., Bowen, S. L., Burke, R. V. (2015). An evaluation of parent-produced video self-modeling to improve independence in an adolescent with intellectual developmental disorder and an autism spectrum disorder: A controlled case study.Behavior modification,39(4), 542-556. Retrieved from : https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0145445515583247 Brian, J. A., Bryson, S. E., Zwaigenbaum, L. (2015). Autism spectrum disorder in infancy: developmental considerations in treatment targets.Current opinion in neurology,28(2), 117-123. doi: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000182 Christensen, D. L., Bilder, D. A., Zahorodny, W., Pettygrove, S., Durkin, M. S., Fitzgerald, R. T., ... Yeargin-Allsopp, M. (2016). Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among 4-year-old children in the autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network.Journal of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics,37(1), 1-8. doi: 10.1097/DBP.0000000000000235 Donato, C., Shane, H. C., Hemsley, B. (2014). Exploring the feasibility of the Visual Language in Autism program for children in an early intervention group setting: Views of parents, educators, and health professionals. Developmental neurorehabilitation, 17(2), 115-124. Retrieved from : https://doi.org/10.3109/17518423.2014.880526 Durkin, M. S., Elsabbagh, M., Barbaro, J., Gladstone, M., Happe, F., Hoekstra, R. A., ... Tager?Flusberg, H. (2015). Autism screening and diagnosis in low resource settings: challenges and opportunities to enhance research and services worldwide.Autism Research,8(5), 473-476. DOI: 10.1002/aur.1575 Hardin, B. J., Mereoiu, M., Hung, H. F., Roach-Scott, M. (2009). Investigating parent and professional perspectives concerning special education services for preschool Latino children. Early Childhood Education Journal, 37(2), 93-102. Retrieved from : https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10643-009-0336-x Klin, A., Klaiman, C., Jones, W. (2015). Reducing age of autism diagnosis: developmental social neuroscience meets public health challenge.Revista de neurologia,60, S3. Retrieved from : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4399764/ Knight, S. (2016). Forest School: A Model for Learning Holistically and Outdoors. In The Palgrave International Handbook of Alternative Education (pp. 289-304). Palgrave Macmillan, London. Retrieved from : https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/978-1-137-41291-1_19 Ly, A. R., Goldberg, W. A. (2014). New measure for fathers of children with developmental challenges.Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,58(5), 471-484. DOI: 10.1111/jir.12044 Majoko, T. (2016). Inclusion of children with autism spectrum disorders: Listening and hearing to voices from the grassroots.Journal of autism and developmental disorders,46(4), 1429-1440. Retrieved from : https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10803-015-2685-1 Mandy, W., Clarke, K., McKenner, M., Strydom, A., Crabtree, J., Lai, M. C., ... Skuse, D. (2018). Assessing Autism in Adults: An Evaluation of the Developmental, Dimensional and Diagnostic InterviewAdult Version (3Di-Adult).Journal of autism and developmental disorders,48(2), 549-560. Retrieved from : https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10803-017-3321-z Mendelson, J. L., Gates, J. A., Lerner, M. D. (2016). Friendship in school-age boys with autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analytic summary and developmental, process-based model.Psychological bulletin,142(6), 601. Retrieved from : https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fbul0000041 Seymour, M., Wood, C., Giallo, R., Jellett, R. (2013). Fatigue, stress and coping in mothers of children with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(7), 1547-1554. Retrieved from : https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10803-012-1701-y Shire, S. Y., Goods, K., Shih, W., Distefano, C., Kaiser, A., Wright, C., ... Kasari, C. (2015). Parents adoption of social communication intervention strategies: Families including children with autism spectrum disorder who are minimally verbal. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 45(6), 1712-1724. Retrieved from : https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10803-014-2329-x Siller, M., Sigman, M. (2002). The behaviors of parents of children with autism predict the subsequent development of their children's communication. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 32(2), 77-89. Retrieved from : https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1014884404276 Szatmari, P., Chawarska, K., Dawson, G., Georgiades, S., Landa, R., Lord, C., ... Halladay, A. (2016). Prospective longitudinal studies of infant siblings of children with autism: lessons learned and future directions.Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry,55(3), 179-187. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2015.12.014 Taylor, J. L., Seltzer, M. M. (2011). Employment and post-secondary educational activities for young adults with autism spectrum disorders during the transition to adulthood. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 41(5), 566-574. Retrieved from : https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10803-010-1070-3 Van Hees, V., Moyson, T., Roeyers, H. (2015). Higher education experiences of students with autism spectrum disorder: Challenges, benefits and support needs.Journal of autism and developmental disorders,45(6), 1673-1688. Retrieved from : https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10803-014-2324-2 Wood, J. J., Ehrenreich-May, J., Alessandri, M., Fujii, C., Renno, P., Laugeson, E., ... Murphy, T. K. (2015). Cognitive behavioral therapy for early adolescents with autism spectrum disorders and clinical anxiety: A randomized, controlled trial.Behavior Therapy,46(1), 7-19. Retrieved from : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2014.01.002 Young-Pearse, T. L., Morrow, E. M. (2016). Modeling developmental neuropsychiatric disorders with iPSC technology: challenges and opportunities.Current opinion in neurobiology,36, 66-73. Retrieved from : https://www.icdvrat.org/2016/papers/ICDVRAT2016_S02N2_Bresnahan_etal.pdf Zwaigenbaum, L., Bauman, M. L., Choueiri, R., Fein, D., Kasari, C., Pierce, K., ... McPartland, J. C. (2015). Early identification and interventions for autism spectrum disorder: executive summary.Pediatrics,136(Supplement 1), S1-S9. Retrieved from : https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/136/Supplement_1/S1.short.